NTSC NA PAL NI NINI?
Ingawa umbizo la video la VHS ni sawa Ulimwenguni kote, kiwango cha video au mawimbi ya kielektroniki ambayo yanarekodiwa kwenye kaseti hutofautiana kutoka nchi hadi nchi. Viwango viwili vya kawaida vya video vinavyotumika ni NTSC na PAL.
NTSC ni mfumo wa video au kiwango kinachotumika Amerika Kaskazini na sehemu kubwa ya Amerika Kusini. Katika NTSC, 30 muafaka hupitishwa kila sekunde. Kila sura imeundwa na 525 mistari ya skanning ya mtu binafsi.
PAL ndio mfumo mkuu wa video au kiwango kinachotumika zaidi ng'ambo. Katika PAL, 25 muafaka hupitishwa kila sekunde. Kila sura imeundwa na 625 mistari ya skanning ya mtu binafsi.
Kuna muundo mwingine kama ifuatavyo:
NTSC: Kamati ya Taifa ya Mfumo wa Televisheni. Imetengenezwa USA, pia hutumiwa na nchi zingine. Kutumia wavu ya umeme ya Marekani 60Hz kama masafa ya kuburudisha
PAL: Mstari Mbadala wa Awamu. Imeandaliwa nchini Ujerumani, pia hutumiwa na nchi zingine. Kutumia wavu wa nguvu wa Ulaya 50Hz kama masafa ya kuburudisha.
SECAM: Rangi ya Kufuatana na Kumbukumbu. Iliyotengenezwa nchini Ufaransa pia inatumiwa na nchi zingine. Kutumia wavu wa nguvu wa Ulaya 50Hz kama masafa ya kuburudisha.
KWA MIEZI: SECAM ya Mediterania, kiwango kidogo cha SECAM kilichotengenezwa kwa matumizi katika Mashariki ya Kati na bado kinatumiwa na nchi chache. Mapokezi ya Runinga na uchezaji unaweza kutazamwa kwa seti zote mbili za PAL na SECAM TV.
PAL-60: Kiwango cha chini cha PAL kinachotumiwa na baadhi ya nchi, kutumia 60Hz badala ya masafa ya kuburudisha ya 50Hz.
NTSC 4.43: Kiwango cha chini cha NTSC. Mashine nyingi za uchezaji za kisasa ni za hali mbili na zitabadilika kiotomatiki kati ya matoleo ya 3.XX na 4.XX. Mashine za zamani zinaweza kuhitaji ubadilishaji wa mwongozo au kibadilishaji cha ziada cha nje.
Hapa kuna orodha ya nchi na fomati maarufu:
NCHI |
VHF |
UHF |
DVD MIKOA |
AFGHANISTAN |
PAL/SECAM B |
|
5 |
ALBANIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
ALGERIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
ANGOLA |
PAL I |
|
5 |
ARGENTINA |
PAL N |
PAL N |
4 |
AUSTRALIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
4 |
AUSTRIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
AZORES |
PAL B |
|
|
BAHAMAS |
NTSC M |
|
4 |
BAHRAIN |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
BANGLADESHI |
PAL B |
|
5 |
BARBADOS |
NTSC M |
|
4 |
UBELGIJI |
PAL B |
PAL H |
2 |
BERMUDA |
NTSC M |
|
|
BOLIVIA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
BOTSWANA |
PAL I |
|
5 |
BRAZILI |
PAL M |
PAL M |
4 |
BRUNEI |
PAL B |
PAL B |
|
BULGARIA |
SECAM D |
SECAM K |
2 |
BURKINA FASO |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
BURMA |
NTSC M |
|
|
BURUNDI |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
KAMBODIA |
NTSC M |
|
3 |
CAMEROON |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
KANADA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
< 1 |
VISIWA VYA KANARI |
PAL B |
|
2 |
CHAD |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
CHILE |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
CHINA |
PAL D |
|
6 |
KOLOMBIA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
COSTA RICA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
KROATIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
CUBA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
CYPRUS |
PAL B< |
PAL G |
|
JAMHURI YA CZECH |
PAL D |
PAL K |
2 |
DAHOMEY |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
DENMARK |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
DJIBOUTI |
SECAM B |
SECAM G |
5 |
DOMINIKA REP |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
ECUADOR |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
MISRI |
SECAM B/PAL B |
SECAM G/PAL G |
2 |
MWOKOZI |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
SAWA. GUINEA |
PAL B |
|
5 |
ESTONIA |
PAL B (ilikuwa SECAM) |
PAL D |
5 |
ETHIOPIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
FIJI |
PAL B |
|
|
FINLAND |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
UFARANSA |
SECAM L |
SECAM L |
2 |
POLYNESIA YA KIFARANSA |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
GABON |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
GAMBIA |
PAL I |
|
5 |
UJERUMANI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
GHANA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
GIBRALTAR |
PAL B |
PAL H |
2 |
UGIRIKI |
PAL B (ilikuwa SECAM) |
PAL G |
2 |
GREENLAND |
NTSC/PAL B |
|
2 |
GUADELOUPE |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
GUAM |
NTSC M |
|
1 |
GUATEMALA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
GUINEA |
PAL K |
|
5 |
GUYANA (KIFARANSA) |
SECAM K1 |
|
4 |
HONDURAS |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
HONG KONG |
|
PAL I |
3 |
HUNGARI |
SECAM D/PAL |
SECAM K/PAL |
2 |
ICELAND |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
INDIA |
PAL B |
|
5 |
INDONESIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
3 |
IRAN |
SECAM B |
SECAM G |
2 |
IRAQ |
SECAM B |
|
2 |
IRELAND |
PAL I |
PAL I |
2 |
ISRAEL |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
ITALIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
IVORY COAST |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
JAMAICA |
NTSC M |
|
4 |
JAPAN |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
2 |
YORDANI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
KENYA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
KOREA KASKAZINI |
PAL |
|
5 |
KOREA KUSINI |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
3 |
KUWAIT |
PAL B |
|
2 |
LATVIA |
PAL D (ilikuwa SECAM) |
PAL K |
5 |
LEBANONI |
SECAM B |
SECAM G |
2 |
LIBERIA |
PAL B |
PAL H |
5 |
LIBYA |
SECAM B |
SECAM G |
5 |
LITHUANIA |
PAL D (ilikuwa SECAM) |
PAL K |
5 |
LUXEMBURG |
PAL B/SECAM L |
PAL G/SEC L |
2 |
MADAGASCAR |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
MADEIRA |
PAL B |
|
|
MALAGASI |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
MALAWI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
MALAYSIA |
PAL B |
|
3 |
MALI |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
MALTA |
PAL B |
PAL H |
2 |
MARTINIQUE |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
MAURITANIA |
SECAM B |
|
5 |
MAURITIUS |
SECAM B |
|
5 |
MEXICO |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
MONACO |
SECAM L |
|
2 |
MONGOLIA |
SECAM D |
|
5 |
MOROCCO |
SECAM B |
|
5 |
MSUMBIJI |
PAL B |
|
5 |
NAMIBIA |
PAL I |
|
5 |
NEPAL |
PAL B |
|
|
UHOLANZI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
NETH. ANTILLES |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
|
KALEDONIA MPYA |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
GUINEA MPYA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
4 |
NEW ZEALAND |
PAL B |
PAL G |
4 |
NICARAGUA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
NIGER |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
NIGERIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
NORWAY |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
OMAN |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
PAKISTAN |
PAL B |
|
5 |
PANAMA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
PARAGUAY |
(alikuwa PAL N) NTSC M |
(alikuwa PAL N) NTSC M |
4 |
PERU |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
UFILIPINO |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
3 |
UPOLAND |
PAL D |
PAL K |
2 |
URENO |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
PUERTO RICO |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
1 |
QATAR |
PAL B |
|
2 |
KURUDIANA |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
RUMANIA |
PAL D |
PAL K |
2 |
URUSI |
SECAM D |
SECAM K |
5 |
RWANDA |
SECAM K1 |
|
5 |
SABAH/SAWARA |
PAL B |
|
|
ST. KITTS |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
|
SAMOA (Marekani) |
NTSC M |
|
1 |
SAUDI ARABIA |
SECAM-B/PAL-B |
SECAM G |
2 |
SENEGAL |
PAL |
|
5 |
SHELISHELI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
SIERRA LEONE |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
SINGAPORE |
PAL B |
PAL G |
|
JAMHURI YA SLOVAK |
PAL |
PAL |
2 |
SOMALIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
AFRICA KUSINI |
PAL I |
PAL I |
2 |
HISPANIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
SRI LANKA |
PAL B |
|
5 |
SUDANI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
SURINAM |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
USWAZI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
|
USWIDI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
USWISI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
SYRIA |
SECAM B |
|
2 |
TAHITI |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
TAIWAN |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
3 |
TANZANIA |
PAL B |
PAL B |
5 |
THAILAND |
PAL B |
|
3 |
TOGO |
SECAM K |
|
5 |
TUMBAKU YA TRINIDAD |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
TUNISIA |
SECAM B |
|
5 |
UTURUKI |
PAL B |
PAL G |
|
UGANDA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
UKRAINE |
PAL / SECAM D-K |
|
5 |
EMIR YA KIARABU YA MUUNGANO. |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
UINGEREZA |
|
PAL I |
2 |
WAKATI WA JUU |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
URUGUAY |
PAL N |
PAL N |
4 |
Marekani |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
1 |
VENEZUELA |
NTSC M |
NTSC M |
4 |
VIETNAM |
PAL B |
PAL G |
3 |
YEMEN |
PAL B |
|
2 |
YUGOSLAVIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
2 |
ZAIRE |
SECAM K1 |
|
|
ZAMBIA |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
ZIMBABWE |
PAL B |
PAL G |
5 |
|
Maoni Yamefungwa